Reminders

• run handin21 before Saturday night
• See Office Hours if you have questions.
• Ninja Sessions are available Wed 7-10pm, Fri 7-9pm.

Today

• Recap
• Accumulator Pattern
• repetition with for loops
• More String Operations

Repetition using for loops

Before Wednesday, all of our programs were sequential - with one line of code following the other. Often, we need to repeat a task several times. If we know the number of times, we use definite loops which are called for loops in Python. The syntax is:

for VAR in SEQUENCE:
  BODY

for i in range(5):
    print(n-i)

This semester, you will see many different kinds of for loops. We hope to give you some more experience/practice with for loops today.

Accumulator Pattern

A very common use of loops is to aggregate, or combine, the result of a repetitive set of steps. For example, we may want to sum the numbers from 1 to n. To create an accumulator pattern, we should first answer these questions to help us code the solution:

• What are we accumulating? (should create a variable to store this)
• Where does the accumulator start? (initialize variable; not always 0)
• How many iterations/times do we loop? (use to set the range)
• What do we need to calculate inside the loop? How do we update the accumulator (updating the variable must be a part of the loop)
• What do we do with result of accumulation?

Together, we will show in avg.py how to use an accumulator pattern to average a series of numbers entered by a user.

Exercise: factorial

Work with a neighbor and sketch out your solution to calculating the factorial of a number. Do not start to code until you have answered all of the questions above for designing an accumulation pattern. Your program should ask the user for a number (integer) and calculate the factorial. The factorial of a number is n!=n * (n − 1)*(n − 2)*...*2 * 1 e.g., 5!=5 * 4 * 3 * 2 * 1. Begin by answer the questions above and then start to write your program in factorial.py.

More String Operations

You've seen several instances of strings already this semester, and you've likely used string concatenation to build up a string. There are many other useful string operations. Here are some highlights:

1. length. To get the length of a string, use the len command e.g. len("cs21") = 4
2. indexing. Access a single character in a string using its position indexing from zero. For example, if name="Joshua", then name[1] = "o".
3. concatenation. Concatenate with the + operator. "hello" + "world" == "helloworld"
4. newline character. You can print a blank line with print(). Alternatively, use \n to get a line break. The print command gives you a line break for free, so print("I like blank lines!\n") will produce a blank line after "I like blank lines"

Exercise: str_practice.py

Open str_practice.py to complete four tasks and a couple of extensions if you desire. Be sure to incrementally develop---complete one task, run your program to see if that tasks works, and then move onto the next. Tasks 4 and bonus will require for loops and accumulators.

$ python3 str_practice.py 
Task 1:
Enter first name: Joshua
Enter last name: Brody

Welcome Joshua Brody

Task 2:
There are 11 characters in your name

Task 3:
Initials: J.B.

BONUST:
Last initials: a.y.

Task 4:
J
o
s
h
u
a