from graphics import *Here is a short example showing how to create a new graphics window object and then create gui objects to draw into this window:
win = GraphWin("Graphics!!!!!!", 500, 500) # creates new GraphWin object, 500x500 pixels in size
win.setBackground("blue") # set the background color to blue
cp = Point(50,50) # creates a new Point object at 50,50
circ = Circle(cp, 20) # creates new Circle object centered at point cp with a radius of 20 pixels
circ.setFill("red") # invoke the setFill method of the Circle object referred to by circ
circ.draw(win) # draw the circ object to the GraphWin win
REFERENCE INFO BELOW
There is a lot to sort through in the graphics library help documentation. To simplify things a bit, below is some information about the GraphWin object and common Graphics objects you may want to use. Section 5.8 of the Zelle text also contains a more complete reference for the classes in the graphics library.
class GraphWin
--------------
GraphWin(title, width, height)
close()
flush() # update drawing to graphics window
getHeight()
getWidth()
getMouse() # wait for mouse click and return Point obj representing click location
getKey() # wait for key press and return string representing key pressed (e.g., 'q')
checkMouse() # check if mouse was clicked, return None if it was not clicked,
# return a Point() object if it *was* clicked
checkKey() # check if key was pressed, return None if no keys were pressed,
# return a string if key was pressed (e.g., returns "q" if q was
# pressed, "space" if space bar pressed, etc)
setBackground(color) # color could be something like "red"
# Sets the coordinate system of the window so that the lower
# left corner is at (xll, yll) and the upper right corner is
# at (xur, yur)
setCoords(xll, yll, xur, yur)
Example:
mywin = GraphWin("ponies!!", 600, 500)
mywin.setBackground("lightblue")
click = mywin.getMouse() # will pause here until mouse clicked in graph win
print(click)
key = mywin.getKey() # will pause here until key pressed in graph win
print(key)
class Point
------------
Point(x, y)
clone() # create a new Point object that is an exact copy of this one
getX() # the int value of the Point's x-coordinate
getY() # the int value of the Point's y-coordinate
----------------------- Methods common to all Graphics Object classes:
draw(graphwin): # Draw the object in graphwin, which should be a
# GraphWin object. A GraphicsObject may only be drawn
# into one window.
move(dx, dy): # move object dx units in x and dy units in y direction
setFill(color): # Set interior color to color
setOutline(color): # Set outline color to color
setWidth(width): # Set line weight to width
undraw(): # Undraw the object (i.e. hide it).
Example: p1 = Point(300, 450) p1.draw(mywin) x1 = p1.getX() x2 = p1.getY() p2 = p1.clone() p2.move(100,20) p2.draw(mywin)
class Line
----------
Line(p1, p2) # p1 and p2 are the end Points of the line
clone()
setArrow(option)
getCenter() # returns a Point object corresponding to the Line's center
getP1() # get one end-point Point object
getP2() # get the other Point object
draw(graphwin)
move(dx, dy) # move the Line dx pixels on the x-axis and dy on the y-axis
setFill(color)
setOutline(color)
setWidth(width)
Example: p1 = Point(0, 250) p2 = Point(600, 250) longline = Line(p1, p2) longline.setWidth(5) longline.draw(mywin)
class Rectangle
---------------
Rectangle( p1, p2) # p1 and p2 are points for upper left and lower right
clone()
getCenter() # returns a Point object corresponding to the center
getP1() # returns the upper left corner Point
getP2() # returns the lower right corner Point
draw(graphwin)
move(dx, dy) # move the Rectangle dx pixels on x-axis, dy on y-axis
setFill(color)
setOutline(color)
setWidth(width) # set the width, in pixels of the outline
undraw()
Example:
p1 = Point(100, 100)
p2 = Point(200, 200)
square = Rectangle(p1, p2)
square.draw(mywin)
class Circle
----------
Circle(p1, radius) # p1 is a Point at the center of the circle, radius is an int
clone()
getCenter() # returns the Point object describing the Circle's center
getRadius() # returns the int value of the Circle's radius
getP1() # returns a clone of the corresponding corner of the
getP2() # circle's bounding box (opposite corners of bounding square)
draw(graphwin)
move(dx, dy) # distance in x and y axis to move the circle
setFill(color)
setOutline(color)
setWidth(width) # the width of the circle's outline
undraw()
Example:
center = Point(100, 100)
radius = 35
sun = Circle(center, radius)
sun.setFill("yellow")
sun.setOutline("yellow")
sun.draw(mywin)
class Oval
----------
Oval(p1, p2) # p1 and p2 are Points of opposite corners of bounding rectangle
clone()
getCenter()
getP1()
getP2()
draw(graphwin)
move(dx, dy)
setFill(color)
setOutline(color)
setWidth(width)
class Polygon
-------------
Polygon()
getPoints() # return a list of Points in the polygon
clone()
draw(graphwin)
move(dx, dy)
setFill(color)
setOutline(color)
setWidth(width)
undraw()
Example (a triangle):
p1 = Point(10,20)
p2 = Point(10,60)
p3 = Point(30,40)
trilist = [p1,p2,p3]
tri = Polygon(trilist)
tri.setOutline("pink")
tri.setFill("blue")
tri.draw(mywin)
class Text
----------
Text(p, text) # p is center point and text is string
clone()
getAnchor() # returns clone of anchor point
getText() # get the text of this Text Object
setText(text) # change text of given object
setTextColor(color)
setFace(family) # set font face, ex. "arial" "courier"
setSize(size) # set font size (5-36 are legal)
setStyle(style) # set font style ex. "bold" "italic"
draw(graphwin)
move(dx, dy)
setFill(color)
setOutline(color)
setWidth(width)
undraw()
Example:
message = Text(Point(300, 100), "please click anywhere to close window")
message.setSize(24)
message.setTextColor("red")
message.draw(mywin)
class Entry: GUI object into which user can type text
------------
Entry(pt, width) # pt is anchor Point (center) width is an int
getAnchor() # returns the center Point
getText() # returns the current text
setText(string) # sets the text to string
setSize(point) # sets the found size (5-36 are legal)
setStyle(style) # sets the font style
setTextColor(color) # sets the text color
draw(graphwin)
move(dx, dy)
setFill(color)
setOutline(color)
setWidth(width)
undraw()
You can see all of the classes in the graphics library and each class'
set of methods by running help(graphics) in interactive mode:
$ python
>>> import graphics
>>> help(graphics)
To see the full set of colors available to you:
$ python
>>> from colorPicker import *
>>> colorPicker()
# then click on a color and its name will show up in the python interpreter
You can also use the color_rgb() function to create colors
based on different amount of red, green, and blue. Here's an example
of how it's used:
p = Point(100,200)
c = Circle(p, 50)
mycolor = color_rgb(100,200,0)
c.setFill(mycolor)
In the above example, the arguments to color_rgb() are integers
representing the amount of red, green, and blue. They can by any integer from
0-255. So the above color is a bright green (red=100, green=200, blue=0).
Using color_rgb(50,50,50) would give a dark grey, and color_rgb(0,255,255)
would be cyan (red off, green and blue full on).